Provide General Conceptual Frameworks Psychology

10 PointsAccording to Ainsworth, an anxious-ambivalent child would be expected to

1. make wise moral decisions.
2. lack confidence about his/her athletic ability.
3. cry with fear and anger when his/her mother leaves.
4. be confident that s/he can cry out for help if needed.
5. have difficulties with mastering languages.

10 Points________ refers to heredity and ________ refers to environmental influences.

1. Nature; nurture
2. Longitudinal, cross-sequential
3. Nurture; behavioral genetics
4. Cross-sectional; longitudinal
5. Cognition; emotion

10 PointsWhat are some of the common consequences to a child whose mother smoked while pregnant?

1. increased birth weight and lethargy
2. severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms
3. dwarfism and spina bifida
4. severe hearing loss and heart defects
5. lower birth weight and SIDS

10 PointsInfant reflexes are

1. not used as a means for survival.
2. learned.
3. complex and coordinated
4. voluntary behavior patterns.
5. innate involuntary behavior patterns.

10 PointsYour little brother has a big ball of clay. While he watches, you roll the ball of clay into a long snake-like shape. He begins to cry because he thinks he has less clay now. Which of Piaget’s stages is your brother likely to be in?

1. formal operational
2. concrete operational
3. sensorimotor
4. preoperational
5. postformal operational

10 PointsIn the process of ________ new information fits our earlier scheme whereas in ________, our scheme changes to fit new information.

1. reversibility; centration
2. assimilation; homeostasis
3. assimilation; accommodation
4. differentiation; centration
5. centration; differentiation

10 PointsA source of bias that may explain racial IQ differences is the fact that most IQ tests rely heavily on

1. interpersonal intelligence.
2. math skills.
3. vocabulary level.
4. individual responsibility.
5. the ability to pay attention.

10 PointsYour teacher has given each student the name of a key figure in the history of psychology. The assignment is to describe at least one significant contribution made by this person. If your historical figure is Hermann Ebbinghaus, what contribution might you describe to the class?

1. He created nonsense syllables in order to study memory in a “pure” form.
2. He described the limits of sensory storage.
3. He developed a series of memory aids that is still used by students today.
4. His development of the fMRI to test brain activity during memory tasks.
5. He discovered the parts of the brain responsible for processing memories.

10 PointsA psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of

1. gerontology.
2. abnormal psychology.
3. developmental psychology.
4. geriatrics
5. maturational studies.

10 Points________ are clusters of knowledge that provide general conceptual frameworks regarding certain topics, events, and situations.

1. Hierarchies
2. Cognitive maps
3. Algorithms
4. Schemas
5. Prototypes

10 PointsOur ability to retain encoded material over time is known as

1. chunking.
2. recall.
3. declarative memory.
4. storage.
5. recognition.

10 PointsWhereas Piaget saw cognitive development as a result of individual discovery and a child’s interaction with objects, Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to

1. interaction between a child and skilled people.
2. unconscious factors.
3. biological changes in the brain.
4. completing activities in isolation.
5. observational learning

10 PointsWhy did research participants in Sperling’s experiment recall so few letters stored in iconic memory?

1. Because participants were not able to recall more than 1 or 2 of the letters during each trial.
2. Proactive interference reduced the effectiveness of recall.
3. The remaining stimuli quickly faded from iconic memory.
4. The stress of participating in this research became excessive.
5. They stopped paying attention after a few stimuli.

10 PointsWhich of the following is a serious flaw in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

1. The stages as a whole do not parallel Piaget’s stages.
2. The higher stages are not associated with education.
3. The lower stages have not been found in all cultures.
4. Moral reasoning does not predict actual behavior.
5. All cultures attain the stages in the same order.

10 PointsJohn learns about Michelle, a student at a state university in NY, who has blond hair, enjoys the summer, and likes the beach. John assumes she is from California (given the stereotypes about women from California) despite the fact that over 85% of students at this state university are from NY. This is best explained by

1. divergent thinking.
2. knowledge of the base rate.
3. convergent thinking.
4. algorithms.
5. the representativeness bias.