Airport Arrests Show Opportunistic Cmrj 526 Ameri

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1947-1959

It is almost difficult to envision a time period where cocaine was not illegal, yet before 1945, its production in small-scale remained legal. However, by 1947, smuggling from Peru began with corridors ranging from Chile, Cuba, Brazil, and Argentina rose to link to other Latin American cities (Gootenberg, 2007). The eastern-central town of Huanuco Peru is known as the cradle of cocaine, within the same time, cocaine- making became undoable due to the closedown of the Huanuco factory. From 1947-1949, a time when the UN came together came to the decision that cocaine needed to be banned and the cultivation, as well as the chewing of native coca, had to be significantly reduced. Peru took the initiative and barred cocaine in its entirety by issuing several punitive drug control methods. Bolivia, on the other hand, did not take this same approach and instead took another decade to comply with the campaign goals (Gootenberg, 2007). In 1949, U.S. law enforcement officials made the first international drug bust when they captured members of the Balarezo gang in New York City, a gang known to have solid connections to Peruvian dealers. Moving on to the 1950s, traffickers in Chile and Cuba played a major role in transporting illicit cocaine shipments from South America to the United States, and other Latin American nations followed in later decades. Cuban couriers also took an active role by Cuban labs preparing cocaine for distribution in the U.S. The rest of the 1950s took the spotlight off of Peru as the cocaine-making, while transforming regular crude cocaine into a new product known as the cocaine paste. By 1959, it was Chile that accounted for half the cocaine seizures at the U.S. Borders.

1959-1964

After 1960, it is reported that more cocaine moved via Mexico, as Chileans evolved into organized international drug rings (Gootenberg, 2007). American mafias also were reported to cease domestic markets to Cuba cocaine retailers. Gootenberg’s account of cocaine’s resurgence is composed of accounts around the world such as that of trafficker Alfredo Bello a Brazilian owner of several gaming houses and dens which was arrest for cocaine possession in 1961. In of it itself, every nation was facing exponential growth in drug smuggling in or out of their nation. For example, pressures on Bolivia came to a head after the 1961 Blanca Ibáñez fiasco, Bolivian cocaine seizures at U.S. borders, and the 1961 FBN survey of cocaine routing, which dramatized the new range of inter-American cocaine merchants (Gootenberg,2007). By the mids-1960s the Ades-Mexican routes were known as the main supply route for cocaine aimed at the underbelly of the United States and was also an introduction to the Sinaloan drug lords of the 80s. By the late 1960s, airport arrests show opportunistic Argentines tapping drug flights to Miami and Europe.

Question 2

The Mexican border is approximately 1,954 miles long, of which 700 miles have fencing barriers and another 300 has anti-vehicle barriers, leaving ample room for drug smuggling, human trafficking, among other crimes directly related to organized crime organizations (The Current State of the Border Fence Key Highlights, 2019). Mexican drug cartels have utilized several methods to transport narcotics into the U.S., one of the most common methods is illegal border crossings, including the use of tunnels, drones, and water. While the Trump administration has successfully moved towards elongating the physical wall to reduce illegal traffic into the country, a wall will not stop drug trafficking. The Mexican Drug Cartels have been known to make use of underground tunnels which can be equipped with rail systems that transport heavy packages up to thirty-five tons. To detect tunnels, a Tunnel Task Force is tasked with discovering tunnels across the country and sealing them, which since 2001, more than 60 tunnels have identified, many running as far as eight football fields in length (Solis, n.d.).

Mexican Cartels are not only linked to thousands of murders, but they have also expanded operations to include kidnapping, extortion, and human smuggling. Mexican Cartels have defied U.S. Drug Policies from the very beginning, this was first displayed through the prohibition of alcohol where Mexican gangs began trafficking alcohol for illegal consumption in our Country. The same defilement has continued as Mexican smuggling activities have adjusted to the demand of consumers as well as the legalization of marijuana. The Mexican Cartels present a staggering threat to its own country and U.S security by being one of the most powerful cartels that feed smaller gangs, addiction, and is directly related to increased crime rates. U.S. training provided by border patrol agents has been vital to ensuring that Mexican federal police officers are given the tools necessary to combat the violence that breeds from cartels; however, the efforts have not gone gar. The cartels have been successful in the intimidation of the Mexican forces, where weakness against organized crime proves to both the community and the cartel that they still pose over the government.

Operation Intercept was one of the earlier attempts to weaken Mexican drug cartels and drug use overall. During his administration, President Nixon experienced a crisis of drug use and believed that the Mexican government was not taking an aggressive enough approach in the prevention of drugs crossing into the U.S. The Operation was called on by former President Nixon and involved the searching of vehicles of those attempting to cross the southern border. The Operation, however, only lasted 17 days as the search of vehicles backed up the transportation of goods coming into the country and eventually impacted the economy on both ends. Operation Condor took place between 1976 to 1978 where Mexican authorities agreed to work with the US in an anti-drug offensive (Grillo, 2019). The US provided the Mexican government with Helicopters, aircraft, which were used by Mexico to spray crops in the Sierra Madre, while soldiers stormed into villages targeting alleged traffickers. While the cartels did take a significant loss throughout the operations, they continued to establish operations in Guadalajara. However, the Operation also became known for specializing in abductions, torture as a method of interrogation, and the creation of teams to conduct assassinations (McSherry, 2001).

References

Gootenberg, P. (2007). The “Pre-Colombian” Era of Drug Trafficking in the Americas: Cocaine, 1945-1965. The Americas, 64(2). Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docv…

Grillo, I. (2019, October 18). How The Sinaloa Cartel Just Beat The Mexican Army . Time. Retrieved from https://time.com/5705358/sinaloa-cartel-mexico-cul…

McSherry, P. J. (2001). Operation Condor: Deciphering the U.S. Role. Retrieved from Crimes of War website: https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/art…

Solis, G. (n.d.). Drug smuggling, and the endless battle to stop it. Retrieved from USA Today website: https://www.usatoday.com/border-wall/story/drug-tr…

The Current State of the Border Fence Key Highlights. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.fairus.org/sites/default/files/2019-05…