12 1161 University Of Texas Rio Grande Valley V
1)(Vascular dementia)
Write half a page post on Vascular dementia, single spaced, APA, WITH AT LEAST 5 CITATIONS AND REFERENCES.
Select one disorder of interest from the DSM-5 covered this week. In your initial posting, discuss the diagnostic criteria, treatment options, and prognosis of the disorder. Use at least two current references other than the DSM-5. After you have posted your initial posting by the third day of the module, respond substantively to at least three peers by the end of the module for a total of four post. ( I HAVE SELECTED VASCULAR DEMENTIA.)
2) First response to Vivian. Short comment, plus an addition to what she have said, ¼ page single spaced, with at least two citations and references.
3)Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative brain disease that causes memory deterioration and considerable cognitive impairments. It affects people over age 65 and is a severe cognitive illness. Alzheimer’s disease is due to the incursion of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in cholinergic neurons. The acetylcholine production of the effected neurons decreases, which is clinically manifested as progressive memory loss, and associated behavioral symptoms (Chiang & Pao, 2016).
4)Diagnostic criteria
5)Cognitive assessment with the use of self-administered gero-cognitive examination (SAGE) or Mini-cog is important for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Changes in the activity of the brain in Electroencephalography (EEG) records can provide valuable information on various brain functions. For many years, EEG has been used in the study of Alzheimer’s disease (Chiang & Pao, 2016). CT and MRI are done to rule out brain tumors and bleed (Isaacson, 2019).
6)According to the American Psychiatric Association, 2013 the criteria for diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease is early and significant episodic memory impairment. The gradual and progressive change of memory for more than 6 months. Objective evidence of recall memory that does not improve or does not normalize with adequate cueing or recognition testing.
7)Treatment options
8)Behavioral symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease can be treated with pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. There are four medications approved by the FDA for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and will help to reduce symptoms but they do not prevent the progression of the disease. Acetyl-cholinesterase inhibitors (AChl), Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine. These medications have to be started in a small dose and slowly to prevent side effects (Isaacson, 2019). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (citalopram and escitalopram) and antipsychotics have also been used (Isaacson, 2019). Non-pharmacological methods such as light therapy and music therapy are also important for managing behavior (Isaacson, 2019).
9)Prognosis
10) The prognosis of Alzheimer’s disease is poor. Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the gradual deterioration of memory as well as other cognitive functions such as language skills, attention, understanding, judgment, and abstract thinking. Patients eventually lose mental function, leaving them entirely dependent on others for care (Chiang & Pao, 2016). The early treatment of Alzheimer’s disease can significantly reduce deterioration. Early diagnosis is difficult, and early symptoms are frequently overlooked (Chiang & Pao, 2016).
11)References
12) American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
13) Disorders, Fifth Edition. Arlington, VA.
14) Chiang, H.-S., & Pao, S.-C. (2016). An EEG-Based Fuzzy Probability Model for Early
15) Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Medical Systems, 40(5), 125. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1007/s10916-016-0476-7
16) Isaacson, R. S. (2019). Advances in Early Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies in the
17) Management of Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Managed Care Medicine, 22(4), 17–21.
3) second response to muinat.
Short comment, plus an addition to what she have said, ¼ page single spaced, with at least two citations and references.
Delirium is defined as a state of disturbance in mental abilities which can cause confusion and decrease environmental awareness (Mayo Clinic, 2018). Delirium usually presents has an acute onset and it is very common among hospitalized elderly patients. According to Mayo Clinic (2018), lack of sleep, changes in environment, medications, surgery, infection, substance use and pain are some of the causes of delirium which can lead to confusion and changes in level of consciousness. Diagnostic criteria for delirium based on the DSM-5 includes:
1.A disturbance in attention (i.e., reduced ability to direct, focus, sustain, and shift attention) and awareness (reduced orientation to the environment).
2.The disturbance develops over a short period of time (usually hours to a few days), represents a change from baseline attention and awareness, and tends to fluctuate in severity during the course of a day.
3.An additional disturbance in cognition (e.g., memory deficit, disorientation, language, visuospatial ability, or perception).
1.The disturbances in Criteria A and C are not better explained by another preexisting, established, or evolving neurocognitive disorder and do not occur in the context of a severely reduced level of arousal, such as coma.
2.There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the disturbance is a direct physiological consequence of another medical condition, substance intoxication or withdrawal (i.e., due to a drug of abuse or to a medication), or exposure to a toxin, or is due to multiple etiologies.
Treatment goal for patients presenting with delirium is to first identify and address underlying causes/triggers and provide supportive care in order to prevent further complications (Mayo Clinic, 2018). According to Oh et al. (2017), in a study of non-ICU medical and surgical patients, non-pharmacological approach such as early mobilization, sleep enhancement, adequate hydration and cognitive stimulation is significant for delirium prevention.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Arlington, VA.
Mayo Clinic. (2018). Delirium. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/delirium/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371391
Oh, E., Fong, T., Hshieh, T., Inouye, S. (2017). Delirium in Older Persons: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment. JAMA. 318(12):1161–1174. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.12067